Geospatial Plotting with Matplotlib

Introduction to Geospatial Plotting

Matplotlib provides powerful tools for visualizing geospatial data, including satellite imagery, raster data, and cartographic projections.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches
from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap, Normalize, LogNorm
from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection
import numpy as np
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import cartopy.feature as cfeature
from cartopy.mpl.ticker import LongitudeFormatter, LatitudeFormatter
import rasterio
from rasterio.plot import show as rasterio_show
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec

print(f"Matplotlib version: {plt.matplotlib.__version__}")
print(f"Cartopy available: {'✓' if 'cartopy' in globals() else '✗'}")

Matplotlib version: 3.10.5
Cartopy available: ✗

Basic Satellite Imagery Visualization

Single band plotting

def create_sample_satellite_data():
    """Generate sample multi-band satellite data"""
    
    # Create synthetic satellite data
    np.random.seed(42)
    height, width = 512, 512
    
    # Simulate different spectral bands
    bands = {
        'red': np.random.beta(2, 5, (height, width)) * 0.8,
        'green': np.random.beta(3, 4, (height, width)) * 0.7, 
        'blue': np.random.beta(4, 3, (height, width)) * 0.6,
        'nir': np.random.beta(1.5, 3, (height, width)) * 0.9,
        'swir1': np.random.beta(2, 6, (height, width)) * 0.5,
        'swir2': np.random.beta(1, 4, (height, width)) * 0.4
    }
    
    # Add some spatial structure (simulate land features)
    y, x = np.ogrid[:height, :width]
    center_y, center_x = height // 2, width // 2
    
    # Add circular feature (lake/urban area)
    lake_mask = (x - center_x)**2 + (y - center_y)**2 < (height // 4)**2
    bands['blue'][lake_mask] *= 1.5
    bands['green'][lake_mask] *= 0.7
    bands['red'][lake_mask] *= 0.5
    
    # Add linear features (rivers/roads)
    river_mask = np.abs(y - center_y - 0.3 * (x - center_x)) < 10
    bands['blue'][river_mask] *= 1.3
    bands['green'][river_mask] *= 0.8
    
    return bands

def plot_single_band(band_data, band_name, cmap='viridis', figsize=(8, 6)):
    """Plot a single spectral band"""
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
    
    # Display the band
    im = ax.imshow(band_data, cmap=cmap, aspect='equal')
    
    # Add colorbar
    cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.8)
    cbar.set_label(f'{band_name.upper()} Reflectance', fontsize=12)
    
    # Styling
    ax.set_title(f'{band_name.upper()} Band', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    ax.set_xlabel('Pixel X', fontsize=12)
    ax.set_ylabel('Pixel Y', fontsize=12)
    
    # Remove tick labels for cleaner look
    ax.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, ax

# Generate sample data
bands = create_sample_satellite_data()

# Plot individual bands
plot_single_band(bands['red'], 'Red', cmap='Reds')
plot_single_band(bands['nir'], 'NIR', cmap='RdYlGn')
plot_single_band(bands['swir1'], 'SWIR1', cmap='YlOrBr')

(<Figure size 768x576 with 2 Axes>,
 <Axes: title={'center': 'SWIR1 Band'}, xlabel='Pixel X', ylabel='Pixel Y'>)

Multi-band comparison

def plot_band_comparison(bands, band_names, ncols=3, figsize=(15, 10)):
    """Plot multiple bands for comparison"""
    
    nrows = len(band_names) // ncols + (1 if len(band_names) % ncols else 0)
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
    if nrows == 1 and ncols == 1:
        axes = [axes]
    elif nrows == 1 or ncols == 1:
        axes = axes.flatten()
    else:
        axes = axes.flatten()
    
    # Color maps for different bands
    cmaps = {
        'red': 'Reds', 'green': 'Greens', 'blue': 'Blues',
        'nir': 'RdYlGn', 'swir1': 'YlOrBr', 'swir2': 'copper'
    }
    
    for i, band_name in enumerate(band_names):
        ax = axes[i]
        band_data = bands[band_name]
        cmap = cmaps.get(band_name, 'viridis')
        
        im = ax.imshow(band_data, cmap=cmap, aspect='equal')
        
        # Add colorbar for each subplot
        cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.8)
        cbar.set_label('Reflectance', fontsize=10)
        
        ax.set_title(f'{band_name.upper()}', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
        ax.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Hide unused subplots
    for i in range(len(band_names), len(axes)):
        axes[i].set_visible(False)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, axes

# Plot all bands
band_names = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'nir', 'swir1', 'swir2']
plot_band_comparison(bands, band_names, ncols=3)

(<Figure size 1440x960 with 12 Axes>,
 array([<Axes: title={'center': 'RED'}>, <Axes: title={'center': 'GREEN'}>,
        <Axes: title={'center': 'BLUE'}>, <Axes: title={'center': 'NIR'}>,
        <Axes: title={'center': 'SWIR1'}>,
        <Axes: title={'center': 'SWIR2'}>], dtype=object))

RGB and False Color Composites

RGB composite

def create_rgb_composite(red, green, blue, enhance=True, gamma=1.0):
    """Create RGB composite from individual bands"""
    
    # Stack bands
    rgb = np.stack([red, green, blue], axis=-1)
    
    if enhance:
        # Contrast stretching
        for i in range(3):
            band = rgb[:, :, i]
            p2, p98 = np.percentile(band, (2, 98))
            rgb[:, :, i] = np.clip((band - p2) / (p98 - p2), 0, 1)
    
    # Gamma correction
    if gamma != 1.0:
        rgb = np.power(rgb, gamma)
    
    return np.clip(rgb, 0, 1)

def plot_rgb_composite(rgb_data, title='RGB Composite', figsize=(10, 8)):
    """Plot RGB composite"""
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
    
    ax.imshow(rgb_data, aspect='equal')
    ax.set_title(title, fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    ax.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Add scale bar (approximate)
    scale_bar = Rectangle((rgb_data.shape[1] - 100, rgb_data.shape[0] - 30), 
                         80, 10, facecolor='white', edgecolor='black')
    ax.add_patch(scale_bar)
    ax.text(rgb_data.shape[1] - 60, rgb_data.shape[0] - 45, '1 km', 
            ha='center', va='top', fontsize=10, fontweight='bold')
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, ax

# Create RGB composite
rgb_composite = create_rgb_composite(bands['red'], bands['green'], bands['blue'])
plot_rgb_composite(rgb_composite, 'True Color RGB')

# Create false color composite (NIR-Red-Green)
false_color = create_rgb_composite(bands['nir'], bands['red'], bands['green'])
plot_rgb_composite(false_color, 'False Color (NIR-Red-Green)')

(<Figure size 960x768 with 1 Axes>,
 <Axes: title={'center': 'False Color (NIR-Red-Green)'}>)

Multiple composite comparison

def plot_composite_comparison(bands, composite_configs, figsize=(15, 10)):
    """Plot multiple composite configurations"""
    
    n_composites = len(composite_configs)
    ncols = 2
    nrows = n_composites // ncols + (1 if n_composites % ncols else 0)
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
    if nrows == 1:
        axes = axes.reshape(1, -1)
    
    for i, (name, config) in enumerate(composite_configs.items()):
        row, col = i // ncols, i % ncols
        ax = axes[row, col]
        
        # Create composite
        r_band = bands[config['red']]
        g_band = bands[config['green']]  
        b_band = bands[config['blue']]
        
        composite = create_rgb_composite(r_band, g_band, b_band, enhance=True)
        
        ax.imshow(composite, aspect='equal')
        ax.set_title(f'{name}\n({config["red"]}-{config["green"]}-{config["blue"]})', 
                    fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
        ax.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Hide unused subplots
    for i in range(n_composites, nrows * ncols):
        row, col = i // ncols, i % ncols
        axes[row, col].set_visible(False)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, axes

# Define different composite configurations
composite_configs = {
    'True Color': {'red': 'red', 'green': 'green', 'blue': 'blue'},
    'False Color': {'red': 'nir', 'green': 'red', 'blue': 'green'},
    'Agriculture': {'red': 'swir1', 'green': 'nir', 'blue': 'red'},
    'Urban': {'red': 'swir2', 'green': 'swir1', 'blue': 'red'}
}

plot_composite_comparison(bands, composite_configs)

(<Figure size 1440x960 with 4 Axes>,
 array([[<Axes: title={'center': 'True Color\n(red-green-blue)'}>,
         <Axes: title={'center': 'False Color\n(nir-red-green)'}>],
        [<Axes: title={'center': 'Agriculture\n(swir1-nir-red)'}>,
         <Axes: title={'center': 'Urban\n(swir2-swir1-red)'}>]],
       dtype=object))

Advanced Visualization Techniques

Spectral indices calculation and plotting

def calculate_ndvi(nir, red):
    """Calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index"""
    return (nir - red) / (nir + red + 1e-8)  # Add small value to avoid division by zero

def calculate_ndwi(green, nir):
    """Calculate Normalized Difference Water Index"""
    return (green - nir) / (green + nir + 1e-8)

def calculate_nbr(nir, swir2):
    """Calculate Normalized Burn Ratio"""
    return (nir - swir2) / (nir + swir2 + 1e-8)

def plot_spectral_indices(bands, figsize=(15, 5)):
    """Plot common spectral indices"""
    
    # Calculate indices
    ndvi = calculate_ndvi(bands['nir'], bands['red'])
    ndwi = calculate_ndwi(bands['green'], bands['nir']) 
    nbr = calculate_nbr(bands['nir'], bands['swir2'])
    
    # Create subplots
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=figsize)
    
    # NDVI plot
    im1 = axes[0].imshow(ndvi, cmap='RdYlGn', vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    axes[0].set_title('NDVI\n(Vegetation Index)', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[0].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar1 = plt.colorbar(im1, ax=axes[0], shrink=0.8)
    cbar1.set_label('NDVI', fontsize=10)
    
    # NDWI plot
    im2 = axes[1].imshow(ndwi, cmap='Blues', vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    axes[1].set_title('NDWI\n(Water Index)', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[1].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar2 = plt.colorbar(im2, ax=axes[1], shrink=0.8)
    cbar2.set_label('NDWI', fontsize=10)
    
    # NBR plot
    im3 = axes[2].imshow(nbr, cmap='RdYlBu_r', vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    axes[2].set_title('NBR\n(Burn Ratio)', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[2].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar3 = plt.colorbar(im3, ax=axes[2], shrink=0.8)
    cbar3.set_label('NBR', fontsize=10)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return {'ndvi': ndvi, 'ndwi': ndwi, 'nbr': nbr}

# Plot spectral indices
indices = plot_spectral_indices(bands)

Thematic classification visualization

def create_landcover_classification(indices, rgb_composite):
    """Create simple land cover classification"""
    
    height, width = indices['ndvi'].shape
    landcover = np.zeros((height, width), dtype=np.uint8)
    
    # Classification rules (simplified)
    # 1 = Water, 2 = Vegetation, 3 = Urban/Built-up, 4 = Bare soil
    
    # Water (high NDWI, low NDVI)
    water_mask = (indices['ndwi'] > 0.3) & (indices['ndvi'] < 0.1)
    landcover[water_mask] = 1
    
    # Vegetation (high NDVI)
    veg_mask = (indices['ndvi'] > 0.3) & ~water_mask
    landcover[veg_mask] = 2
    
    # Urban/Built-up (low NDVI, moderate brightness)
    urban_mask = (indices['ndvi'] < 0.1) & (rgb_composite.mean(axis=2) > 0.3) & ~water_mask
    landcover[urban_mask] = 3
    
    # Bare soil (everything else)
    bare_mask = (landcover == 0)
    landcover[bare_mask] = 4
    
    return landcover

def plot_classification_results(landcover, rgb_composite, figsize=(15, 6)):
    """Plot classification results alongside RGB"""
    
    # Define colors and labels for classes
    colors = ['black', 'blue', 'green', 'red', 'brown']
    labels = ['Background', 'Water', 'Vegetation', 'Urban', 'Bare Soil']
    
    # Create custom colormap
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    cmap = ListedColormap(colors)
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=figsize)
    
    # RGB composite
    axes[0].imshow(rgb_composite, aspect='equal')
    axes[0].set_title('RGB Composite', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    axes[0].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Classification
    im = axes[1].imshow(landcover, cmap=cmap, vmin=0, vmax=4, aspect='equal')
    axes[1].set_title('Land Cover Classification', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    axes[1].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Create custom legend
    import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
    legend_patches = [mpatches.Patch(color=colors[i], label=labels[i]) 
                     for i in range(1, len(colors))]
    axes[1].legend(handles=legend_patches, loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=(1.3, 1))
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    # Print class statistics
    unique, counts = np.unique(landcover, return_counts=True)
    total_pixels = landcover.size
    
    print("Land Cover Statistics:")
    for class_id, count in zip(unique, counts):
        if class_id > 0:  # Skip background
            percentage = (count / total_pixels) * 100
            print(f"{labels[class_id]}: {count:,} pixels ({percentage:.1f}%)")
    
    return fig, axes

# Create and plot classification
indices = plot_spectral_indices(bands)  # Re-calculate for consistency
landcover = create_landcover_classification(indices, rgb_composite)
plot_classification_results(landcover, rgb_composite)

Land Cover Statistics:
Water: 53,449 pixels (20.4%)
Vegetation: 106,221 pixels (40.5%)
Urban: 50,542 pixels (19.3%)
Bare Soil: 51,932 pixels (19.8%)

(<Figure size 1440x576 with 2 Axes>,
 array([<Axes: title={'center': 'RGB Composite'}>,
        <Axes: title={'center': 'Land Cover Classification'}>],
       dtype=object))

Cartographic Projections with Cartopy

Basic map projections

def plot_different_projections(figsize=(15, 10)):
    """Demonstrate different map projections"""
    
    # Sample geographic data (simulate satellite coverage)
    lons = np.linspace(-180, 180, 100)
    lats = np.linspace(-90, 90, 50)
    lon_grid, lat_grid = np.meshgrid(lons, lats)
    
    # Sample data (e.g., temperature, vegetation)
    data = np.sin(np.radians(lat_grid)) * np.cos(np.radians(lon_grid * 2)) + \
           0.3 * np.random.randn(*lat_grid.shape)
    
    # Different projections
    projections = [
        ('PlateCarree', ccrs.PlateCarree()),
        ('Mollweide', ccrs.Mollweide()),
        ('Robinson', ccrs.Robinson()),
        ('Orthographic', ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=45))
    ]
    
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    
    for i, (name, proj) in enumerate(projections):
        ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, i + 1, projection=proj)
        
        # Add map features
        ax.add_feature(cfeature.COASTLINE, linewidth=0.5)
        ax.add_feature(cfeature.BORDERS, linewidth=0.5)
        ax.add_feature(cfeature.OCEAN, color='lightblue', alpha=0.5)
        ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAND, color='lightgray', alpha=0.5)
        
        # Plot data using imshow (more stable with projections)
        im = ax.imshow(data, extent=[-180, 180, -90, 90],
                      transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),
                      cmap='RdYlBu_r', alpha=0.7, origin='lower')
        
        # Add gridlines
        ax.gridlines(draw_labels=True if name == 'PlateCarree' else False,
                    dms=True, x_inline=False, y_inline=False)
        
        ax.set_title(f'{name} Projection', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
        
        # Add colorbar for the last subplot
        if i == len(projections) - 1:
            cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.5, orientation='horizontal', pad=0.05)
            cbar.set_label('Sample Data', fontsize=10)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig

# Plot different projections
plot_different_projections()

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invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

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/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/shapely/creation.py:730: RuntimeWarning:

invalid value encountered in create_collection

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Regional focus maps

def plot_regional_satellite_data(center_lon=0, center_lat=45, extent=20, figsize=(12, 8)):
    """Plot regional satellite data with geographic context"""
    
    # Define region bounds
    west = center_lon - extent/2
    east = center_lon + extent/2  
    south = center_lat - extent/2
    north = center_lat + extent/2
    
    # Create synthetic satellite data for the region
    lons = np.linspace(west, east, 200)
    lats = np.linspace(south, north, 150)
    lon_grid, lat_grid = np.meshgrid(lons, lats)
    
    # Simulate NDVI data
    ndvi_data = 0.6 * np.sin(np.radians(lat_grid * 4)) + \
                0.3 * np.cos(np.radians(lon_grid * 3)) + \
                0.2 * np.random.randn(*lat_grid.shape)
    ndvi_data = np.clip(ndvi_data, -1, 1)
    
    # Create map
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    
    # Set extent
    ax.set_extent([west, east, south, north], ccrs.PlateCarree())
    
    # Add geographic features
    ax.add_feature(cfeature.COASTLINE, linewidth=1)
    ax.add_feature(cfeature.BORDERS, linewidth=0.8)
    ax.add_feature(cfeature.RIVERS, linewidth=0.5, color='blue')
    ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAKES, color='lightblue')
    
    # Plot NDVI data
    im = ax.imshow(ndvi_data, extent=[west, east, south, north],
                   transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cmap='RdYlGn',
                   vmin=-1, vmax=1, alpha=0.8)
    
    # Add gridlines and labels
    gl = ax.gridlines(draw_labels=True, dms=True, x_inline=False, y_inline=False)
    gl.top_labels = False
    gl.right_labels = False
    
    # Add colorbar
    cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.7, orientation='vertical')
    cbar.set_label('NDVI', fontsize=12)
    
    # Add title
    ax.set_title(f'Regional NDVI Data\n({south:.1f}°-{north:.1f}°N, {west:.1f}°-{east:.1f}°E)', 
                fontsize=14, fontweight='bold', pad=20)
    
    # Add scale bar and north arrow
    # Scale bar (approximate)
    scale_x = west + (east - west) * 0.7
    scale_y = south + (north - south) * 0.1
    ax.plot([scale_x, scale_x + 2], [scale_y, scale_y], 
           'k-', linewidth=3, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    ax.text(scale_x + 1, scale_y - 0.5, '200 km', 
           ha='center', va='top', fontsize=10, fontweight='bold',
           transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, ax

# Plot regional data for different areas
plot_regional_satellite_data(center_lon=-100, center_lat=40, extent=15)  # US Great Plains
plot_regional_satellite_data(center_lon=25, center_lat=-15, extent=20)   # Southern Africa

/Users/kellycaylor/mambaforge/envs/geoAI/lib/python3.11/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py:143: UserWarning:

facecolor will have no effect as it has been defined as "never".

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invalid value encountered in create_collection

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(<Figure size 1152x768 with 2 Axes>,
 <GeoAxes: title={'center': 'Regional NDVI Data\n(-25.0°--5.0°N, 15.0°-35.0°E)'}>)

Multi-panel Complex Layouts

Dashboard-style visualization

def create_satellite_dashboard(bands, indices, figsize=(16, 12)):
    """Create a comprehensive satellite data dashboard"""
    
    # Create custom grid layout
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    gs = gridspec.GridSpec(3, 4, figure=fig, hspace=0.3, wspace=0.3)
    
    # Large RGB composite (top left, 2x2)
    ax_rgb = fig.add_subplot(gs[0:2, 0:2])
    rgb_composite = create_rgb_composite(bands['red'], bands['green'], bands['blue'])
    ax_rgb.imshow(rgb_composite, aspect='equal')
    ax_rgb.set_title('True Color RGB', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    ax_rgb.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Individual band plots (top right)
    band_axes = []
    band_list = ['red', 'green', 'nir']
    cmaps = ['Reds', 'Greens', 'RdYlGn']
    
    for i, (band_name, cmap) in enumerate(zip(band_list, cmaps)):
        ax = fig.add_subplot(gs[i, 2])
        im = ax.imshow(bands[band_name], cmap=cmap, aspect='equal')
        ax.set_title(band_name.upper(), fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
        ax.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False, labelsize=8)
        
        # Small colorbar
        cbar = plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.8)
        cbar.ax.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # NDVI (top right, bottom)
    ax_ndvi = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, 3])
    im_ndvi = ax_ndvi.imshow(indices['ndvi'], cmap='RdYlGn', vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    ax_ndvi.set_title('NDVI', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    ax_ndvi.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False, labelsize=8)
    cbar_ndvi = plt.colorbar(im_ndvi, ax=ax_ndvi, shrink=0.8)
    cbar_ndvi.ax.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # Histogram (middle right)
    ax_hist = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, 3])
    ax_hist.hist(indices['ndvi'].flatten(), bins=50, alpha=0.7, color='green', edgecolor='black')
    ax_hist.set_title('NDVI Histogram', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    ax_hist.set_xlabel('NDVI Value', fontsize=10)
    ax_hist.set_ylabel('Frequency', fontsize=10)
    ax_hist.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
    ax_hist.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # Scatter plot (bottom left)
    ax_scatter = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 0])
    scatter_data = ax_scatter.scatter(bands['red'].flatten(), bands['nir'].flatten(), 
                                    c=indices['ndvi'].flatten(), cmap='RdYlGn', 
                                    alpha=0.5, s=1)
    ax_scatter.set_xlabel('Red Reflectance', fontsize=10)
    ax_scatter.set_ylabel('NIR Reflectance', fontsize=10)
    ax_scatter.set_title('Red vs NIR\n(colored by NDVI)', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    ax_scatter.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
    ax_scatter.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # Classification (bottom center)
    ax_class = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 1])
    landcover = create_landcover_classification(indices, rgb_composite)
    colors = ['blue', 'green', 'red', 'brown']
    labels = ['Water', 'Vegetation', 'Urban', 'Bare Soil']
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    cmap_class = ListedColormap(colors)
    im_class = ax_class.imshow(landcover, cmap=cmap_class, vmin=1, vmax=4, aspect='equal')
    ax_class.set_title('Land Cover\nClassification', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    ax_class.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Statistics table (bottom right)
    ax_stats = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 2:4])
    ax_stats.axis('off')
    
    # Calculate statistics
    stats_data = [
        ['Band', 'Mean', 'Std', 'Min', 'Max'],
        ['Red', f'{bands["red"].mean():.3f}', f'{bands["red"].std():.3f}', 
         f'{bands["red"].min():.3f}', f'{bands["red"].max():.3f}'],
        ['Green', f'{bands["green"].mean():.3f}', f'{bands["green"].std():.3f}', 
         f'{bands["green"].min():.3f}', f'{bands["green"].max():.3f}'],
        ['NIR', f'{bands["nir"].mean():.3f}', f'{bands["nir"].std():.3f}', 
         f'{bands["nir"].min():.3f}', f'{bands["nir"].max():.3f}'],
        ['NDVI', f'{indices["ndvi"].mean():.3f}', f'{indices["ndvi"].std():.3f}', 
         f'{indices["ndvi"].min():.3f}', f'{indices["ndvi"].max():.3f}']
    ]
    
    table = ax_stats.table(cellText=stats_data, loc='center', cellLoc='center')
    table.auto_set_font_size(False)
    table.set_fontsize(9)
    table.scale(1, 1.5)
    ax_stats.set_title('Band Statistics', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold', pad=20)
    
    # Main title
    fig.suptitle('Satellite Imagery Analysis Dashboard', fontsize=18, fontweight='bold', y=0.95)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig

# Create dashboard
dashboard_fig = create_satellite_dashboard(bands, indices)

/var/folders/bs/x9tn9jz91cv6hb3q6p4djbmw0000gn/T/ipykernel_53947/2054560415.py:95: UserWarning:

This figure includes Axes that are not compatible with tight_layout, so results might be incorrect.

Time series visualization

def create_time_series_plot(figsize=(15, 10)):
    """Create time series visualization of satellite indices"""
    
    # Generate synthetic time series data
    dates = pd.date_range('2020-01-01', '2020-12-31', freq='16D')  # Landsat revisit
    n_dates = len(dates)
    
    # Simulate seasonal NDVI pattern
    day_of_year = np.array([d.timetuple().tm_yday for d in dates])
    base_ndvi = 0.3 + 0.4 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * (day_of_year - 120) / 365)
    
    # Add noise and random events
    np.random.seed(42)
    ndvi_series = base_ndvi + 0.1 * np.random.randn(n_dates)
    
    # Simulate drought event (reduce NDVI mid-year)
    drought_mask = (day_of_year > 180) & (day_of_year < 240)
    ndvi_series[drought_mask] -= 0.2
    
    # Create other indices
    evi_series = ndvi_series * 1.2 + 0.1 * np.random.randn(n_dates)
    nbr_series = ndvi_series * 0.8 + 0.15 * np.random.randn(n_dates)
    
    # Simulate fire event (drop in NBR)
    fire_date = np.where(day_of_year > 200)[0][0]
    nbr_series[fire_date:fire_date+3] -= 0.6
    
    # Create multi-panel time series plot
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=figsize, sharex=True)
    
    # NDVI plot
    axes[0].plot(dates, ndvi_series, 'o-', color='green', linewidth=2, markersize=4)
    axes[0].fill_between(dates, ndvi_series, alpha=0.3, color='green')
    axes[0].set_ylabel('NDVI', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[0].set_title('Vegetation Index Time Series', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    axes[0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
    axes[0].set_ylim(-0.2, 0.8)
    
    # Mark drought period
    drought_start = dates[drought_mask][0]
    drought_end = dates[drought_mask][-1]
    axes[0].axvspan(drought_start, drought_end, alpha=0.2, color='red', label='Drought Period')
    axes[0].legend()
    
    # EVI plot
    axes[1].plot(dates, evi_series, 'o-', color='darkgreen', linewidth=2, markersize=4)
    axes[1].fill_between(dates, evi_series, alpha=0.3, color='darkgreen')
    axes[1].set_ylabel('EVI', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
    axes[1].set_ylim(-0.2, 1.0)
    
    # NBR plot
    axes[2].plot(dates, nbr_series, 'o-', color='brown', linewidth=2, markersize=4)
    axes[2].fill_between(dates, nbr_series, alpha=0.3, color='brown')
    axes[2].set_ylabel('NBR', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[2].set_xlabel('Date', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[2].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
    
    # Mark fire event
    fire_date_actual = dates[fire_date]
    axes[2].axvline(x=fire_date_actual, color='red', linestyle='--', linewidth=2, label='Fire Event')
    axes[2].legend()
    
    # Format x-axis
    import matplotlib.dates as mdates
    axes[2].xaxis.set_major_formatter(mdates.DateFormatter('%b %Y'))
    axes[2].xaxis.set_major_locator(mdates.MonthLocator(interval=2))
    plt.setp(axes[2].xaxis.get_majorticklabels(), rotation=45)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig, axes

# Import pandas for date handling
import pandas as pd

# Create time series plot
ts_fig, ts_axes = create_time_series_plot()

Publication-Ready Styling

Professional styling

def create_publication_figure(bands, indices, figsize=(12, 8)):
    """Create publication-ready figure with professional styling"""
    
    # Set publication style
    plt.rcParams.update({
        'font.family': 'serif',
        'font.size': 10,
        'axes.linewidth': 0.8,
        'axes.spines.top': False,
        'axes.spines.right': False,
        'xtick.direction': 'inout',
        'ytick.direction': 'inout',
        'figure.dpi': 300
    })
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3, figsize=figsize)
    
    # A) RGB Composite
    rgb = create_rgb_composite(bands['red'], bands['green'], bands['blue'])
    axes[0, 0].imshow(rgb, aspect='equal')
    axes[0, 0].set_title('A) RGB Composite', fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', loc='left')
    axes[0, 0].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Add scale bar
    scale_bar = Rectangle((rgb.shape[1] - 80, rgb.shape[0] - 25), 60, 8, 
                         facecolor='white', edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.8)
    axes[0, 0].add_patch(scale_bar)
    axes[0, 0].text(rgb.shape[1] - 50, rgb.shape[0] - 35, '1 km', 
                   ha='center', va='top', fontsize=8, fontweight='bold')
    
    # B) False Color
    false_color = create_rgb_composite(bands['nir'], bands['red'], bands['green'])
    axes[0, 1].imshow(false_color, aspect='equal')
    axes[0, 1].set_title('B) False Color (NIR-R-G)', fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', loc='left')
    axes[0, 1].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # C) NDVI
    im_ndvi = axes[0, 2].imshow(indices['ndvi'], cmap='RdYlGn', vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    axes[0, 2].set_title('C) NDVI', fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', loc='left')
    axes[0, 2].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Add NDVI colorbar
    from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
    divider = make_axes_locatable(axes[0, 2])
    cax = divider.append_axes("right", size="5%", pad=0.1)
    cbar = plt.colorbar(im_ndvi, cax=cax)
    cbar.set_label('NDVI', fontsize=9)
    cbar.ax.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # D) Land Cover Classification
    landcover = create_landcover_classification(indices, rgb)
    colors = ['#0066CC', '#00AA00', '#CC0000', '#996633']  # Professional colors
    labels = ['Water', 'Vegetation', 'Urban', 'Bare Soil']
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    cmap_prof = ListedColormap(colors)
    
    im_class = axes[1, 0].imshow(landcover, cmap=cmap_prof, vmin=1, vmax=4, aspect='equal')
    axes[1, 0].set_title('D) Land Cover Classification', fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', loc='left')
    axes[1, 0].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    
    # Add classification legend
    import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
    legend_patches = [mpatches.Patch(color=colors[i], label=labels[i]) 
                     for i in range(len(colors))]
    axes[1, 0].legend(handles=legend_patches, loc='upper left', 
                     bbox_to_anchor=(0.02, 0.98), fontsize=8, frameon=True, fancybox=False)
    
    # E) Spectral Profiles
    axes[1, 1].axis('off')  # Remove axes
    ax_profiles = fig.add_subplot(2, 3, 5)  # Add back with different approach
    
    # Sample points from different land cover types
    water_pts = np.where(landcover == 1)
    veg_pts = np.where(landcover == 2)
    urban_pts = np.where(landcover == 3)
    
    # Extract spectral profiles
    band_names = ['Blue', 'Green', 'Red', 'NIR', 'SWIR1', 'SWIR2']
    wavelengths = [0.48, 0.56, 0.66, 0.83, 1.65, 2.22]  # Approximate wavelengths (µm)
    
    # Calculate mean reflectance for each class
    water_profile = [bands['blue'][water_pts].mean(), bands['green'][water_pts].mean(), 
                    bands['red'][water_pts].mean(), bands['nir'][water_pts].mean(),
                    bands['swir1'][water_pts].mean(), bands['swir2'][water_pts].mean()]
    
    veg_profile = [bands['blue'][veg_pts].mean(), bands['green'][veg_pts].mean(),
                  bands['red'][veg_pts].mean(), bands['nir'][veg_pts].mean(),
                  bands['swir1'][veg_pts].mean(), bands['swir2'][veg_pts].mean()]
    
    urban_profile = [bands['blue'][urban_pts].mean(), bands['green'][urban_pts].mean(),
                    bands['red'][urban_pts].mean(), bands['nir'][urban_pts].mean(),
                    bands['swir1'][urban_pts].mean(), bands['swir2'][urban_pts].mean()]
    
    ax_profiles.plot(wavelengths, water_profile, 'o-', color='#0066CC', linewidth=2, 
                    label='Water', markersize=6)
    ax_profiles.plot(wavelengths, veg_profile, 's-', color='#00AA00', linewidth=2, 
                    label='Vegetation', markersize=6)
    ax_profiles.plot(wavelengths, urban_profile, '^-', color='#CC0000', linewidth=2, 
                    label='Urban', markersize=6)
    
    ax_profiles.set_xlabel('Wavelength (μm)', fontsize=10)
    ax_profiles.set_ylabel('Reflectance', fontsize=10)
    ax_profiles.set_title('E) Spectral Profiles', fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', loc='left')
    ax_profiles.legend(fontsize=8, frameon=False)
    ax_profiles.grid(True, alpha=0.3, linewidth=0.5)
    ax_profiles.tick_params(labelsize=8)
    
    # F) Statistics/Summary
    axes[1, 2].axis('off')
    
    # Create summary statistics text
    stats_text = f"""F) Summary Statistics
    
Image Dimensions: {rgb.shape[0]} × {rgb.shape[1]} pixels
Spatial Resolution: 30 m
    
Land Cover Distribution:
Water: {(landcover == 1).sum() / landcover.size * 100:.1f}%
Vegetation: {(landcover == 2).sum() / landcover.size * 100:.1f}%
Urban: {(landcover == 3).sum() / landcover.size * 100:.1f}%
Bare Soil: {(landcover == 4).sum() / landcover.size * 100:.1f}%

NDVI Statistics:
Mean: {indices['ndvi'].mean():.3f}
Std: {indices['ndvi'].std():.3f}
Range: [{indices['ndvi'].min():.3f}, {indices['ndvi'].max():.3f}]"""
    
    axes[1, 2].text(0.05, 0.95, stats_text, transform=axes[1, 2].transAxes, 
                   fontsize=9, verticalalignment='top', fontfamily='monospace',
                   bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.5', facecolor='lightgray', alpha=0.8))
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    # Reset rcParams
    plt.rcParams.update(plt.rcParamsDefault)
    
    return fig

# Create publication figure
pub_fig = create_publication_figure(bands, indices)

Custom Colormaps and Advanced Styling

Custom colormap creation

def create_custom_colormaps():
    """Create custom colormaps for different geospatial applications"""
    
    # Custom NDVI colormap (brown to green)
    ndvi_colors = ['#8B4513', '#CD853F', '#F4A460', '#FFFFE0', '#90EE90', '#32CD32', '#006400']
    ndvi_cmap = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('custom_ndvi', ndvi_colors, N=256)
    
    # Custom water depth colormap
    water_colors = ['#000080', '#0066CC', '#00AAFF', '#66CCFF', '#CCE5FF']
    water_cmap = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('water_depth', water_colors, N=256)
    
    # Custom elevation colormap
    elev_colors = ['#2E8B57', '#90EE90', '#FFFFE0', '#CD853F', '#8B4513', '#FFFFFF']
    elev_cmap = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('elevation', elev_colors, N=256)
    
    return {
        'ndvi': ndvi_cmap,
        'water': water_cmap,
        'elevation': elev_cmap
    }

def demonstrate_custom_colormaps(bands, indices, figsize=(15, 5)):
    """Demonstrate custom colormaps"""
    
    custom_cmaps = create_custom_colormaps()
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=figsize)
    
    # NDVI with custom colormap
    im1 = axes[0].imshow(indices['ndvi'], cmap=custom_cmaps['ndvi'], 
                        vmin=-1, vmax=1, aspect='equal')
    axes[0].set_title('NDVI - Custom Colormap', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[0].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar1 = plt.colorbar(im1, ax=axes[0], shrink=0.8)
    cbar1.set_label('NDVI', fontsize=10)
    
    # Simulated water depth
    water_depth = indices['ndwi'] * 5  # Scale for visualization
    water_depth[water_depth < 0] = 0
    
    im2 = axes[1].imshow(water_depth, cmap=custom_cmaps['water'], 
                        vmin=0, vmax=water_depth.max(), aspect='equal')
    axes[1].set_title('Water Depth - Custom Colormap', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[1].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar2 = plt.colorbar(im2, ax=axes[1], shrink=0.8)
    cbar2.set_label('Depth (m)', fontsize=10)
    
    # Simulated elevation
    elevation = (bands['nir'] - bands['blue']) * 1000 + 500  # Simulate elevation
    
    im3 = axes[2].imshow(elevation, cmap=custom_cmaps['elevation'], aspect='equal')
    axes[2].set_title('Elevation - Custom Colormap', fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
    axes[2].tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
    cbar3 = plt.colorbar(im3, ax=axes[2], shrink=0.8)
    cbar3.set_label('Elevation (m)', fontsize=10)
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()
    
    return fig

# Demonstrate custom colormaps
custom_cmap_fig = demonstrate_custom_colormaps(bands, indices)

Summary

Key matplotlib techniques for geospatial visualization: - Basic plotting: Single and multi-band satellite imagery display - RGB composites: True color and false color combinations - Advanced visualization: Spectral indices, classification, and thematic mapping - Cartographic projections: Using Cartopy for geographic context - Multi-panel layouts: Dashboard-style and publication-ready figures - Time series: Temporal analysis of satellite data - Custom styling: Professional colormaps and publication formatting - Interactive elements: Annotations, scale bars, and legends